PLN Start and Stop

Government electric supplied company is running unsteady currently. As a consument I don't feel confenient because the electric supply is not steady, sometime stop for long time until 5 hours. This happen because of the electrict supply source is not enough to fullfil the electric needed by society, and the electric supply should be stop alternately.

This condition make me need other source of energy like emergency lamp or battery or candle that can lighten us when the electric supply is being stopped. The problem then merge when the emergency lamp can't stand for long time, emergency lamp just can stand for about 3 hours, then I change of using candle. When the society is need more candle, the problem will arise. The candle supply is not enough, because the candle is also used by textile industry in dyeing process. The candle supply is not stable, some time available but often empty.

Electric problem will more make other problem emerge, candle supply is just for a while, because the candle raw materials also limited, not many candle raw materials enough for long time, especially when the demand is increase like now. For lamp is impossible if we use dry cell battery like car or light, we need more powerful source for electric source like from nuclear energy that is used in America and Iran.

Chinese Battery

Want to compete, you will loose. Chinese battery is very cheap. This cheap product is just cover from thick brown paper. Chinese battery just can stand for several weeks, I mean about 3 weeks. If don't sell this product you will get your product have broken and can't sell anymore.

Chinese batery sell just for Rp. 1000 for 4 small battery, or remoute battery. Indonesian people usually use for toys, and just can use just for half day, and must be replace with new one if want to play the toys. Chinese battery sell spread out in Indonesia, in the bus, train and at the side of street. This chinese product is very good to sell, very fast but after that people will bore with this chinese product, because can't pretent for longer.

Chinese battery is very dangerous for your children, because don't cover with safe material. If swolen the substance by children can make poisonous.

Battery Promotion

One of the real slogan about Eveready Battery as below:

ABOUT EVEREADY

Eveready is one of India’s most reputed FMCG companies. The company has a portfolio comprising of dry cell batteries (carbon zinc batteries, rechargeable batteries and alkaline batteries), flashlights (torches), CFLs (Compact Fluorescent Lamps) and packet tea. It has also recently forayed into the mosquito repellant industry.

When I was a kid this battery ads for mockery, if the battery ABC No. 1 in Indonesia, but if Eveready No. 1 in the World. Actually ABC really sell more in Indonesia than ABC in the market.

Battery Models

Battery models that is used by people vary and also there are many manufacture produce with many trade mark of every kind of purposes. Battery itself differ with the purposes of uses like for small electronic, or for automobile battery. In Indonesia also sell in the market with many kind of trade mark and with many kind of price range. Like the kind of dry cell, many trade mark sell in the market with many kind of price range. From very cheap price even with unbelievable price like just Rp 1000 for 4 pcs untill Rp. 20,000 for 4 pcs.

Kind of dry cell that spread on the market such as; ABC, Eveready, Alkaline and many of cheap trade mark produce from china. China produce very cheap battery, with very very cheap, even this battery is imported from china but the price still very cheap. What is the materials?

Sometime I just think if the price too cheap, how much their worker will pay? May be just Rp. 5 per battery, so if on one day can produce 1000 battery they will pay with about Rp. 5,000, very cheap worker. So I just think how poor the worker from China?, very very poor people. If you think they will work with manual mechanic tools so they can produce 10 times, say 10,000 pcs per day, or they just pay with Rp. 50,000 per day this is also still very cheap if they work hard for a day long.

I think better they create something like Novel Book or Blog or other think that can increase their value for the future. If they are lucky they can create a Novel Best Seller or Best Seller Product that can be resulted for along they live in this world.

Dry Cell Battery

The battery in its original form had a zinc rod amalgamated with mercury as anode, a conducting mix of manganese dioxide (MnO2) and Carbon in porous pot as cathode, a central carbon rod or plate as current collector, and a saturated solution of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as electrolyte. The cell was assembled in a glass jar and produced about 1.5 volts. In spite of its lack of portability, it was widely used in telephones and doorbells until well into the 20th century and was an excellent example of a technical advance that became an immediate commercial success.

The modern dry cell replaced the liquid replace the liquid electrolyte with a paste consisting of a mixture of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and NH4Cl. A zinc anode was fashioned as a cylindrical cell container, and the cathode remained MnO2 and Carbon.

Storage Battery
For many years in standard secondary (storage) system has been the lead-acid battery. Nickel-cadmium batteries have also become common. In recent years other type have been developed that are applicable to specialized demands. The lead-acid battery was invented in 1860 by Gaston Plante. The electrolyte is sulfuric acid (H2SO4), the electrode are lead and lead dioxide (PbO2). Three or six cells are placed within a plastic or rubber container, the form seen in automobiles. Recently, small D-size batteries of this type have been introduced.

Fuel Cells

Definition:
A fuel cell is a device that continuously converts chemicals into direct current electricity through electrochemical reactions. In a typical fuel cell hydrogen gas combines with hydroxyl ions at one electrode to produce water and electrons. The electrons perform electrical work by flowing through an external circuit to the other electrode, where they recombine with oxygen and water to produce hydroxyl ions. The overall reaction is 2H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O. The fuel cell differs from a battery in that its reactants must be supplied from an outside source. Fuel cells can theoretically convert fuel to electricity with nearly 100% efficiency. By contrast, burning fuel to produce steam for electricity is 40% to 50% efficient, and internal combustion engines are only 10% to 20% efficient.

History
The first attempt to obtain electricity directly from a fuel was probably made in 1802 by Sir Humphry Davy, who described a cell with a carbon anode and aqueous nitric acid as the cathodic reactant. The first hydrogen oxygen cell (reported 1839) was composed of two platinum strips immersed in acidified water; the upper part of one was exposed to hydrogen, the other to oxygen. Numerous attempts were made to develop efficient fuel cells that used carbon, because a galvanic cell that produced electrical energy directly from carbon and oxygen would be source of energy.

Types:
The most common fuel cells have used oxygen and hydrogen gas with potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte. The water produced by the reaction is carried out by circulating gases and condenses externally.

Considerable research has been done on fuel cell systems that use the direct oxidation of hydrocarbons. One promising model, the solid oxide (or monolithic) cell, passes fuel through a ceramic honeycomb structure that resembles corrugated cardboard. The solid oxide cell (so called because it contains electrolytes of yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide) produces electrical energy from almost any hydrocarbon fuel, including gasoline. Moreover, it produce little pollution and maintains high efficiency oven at low operating levels.

Fuel cells are at present used chi efly in space vehicles or automobile and for limited military purposes. A 4.8-megawatt plat was put into operation in Tokyo in 1984, however, in the United States it is anticipated that similar electricity producing and cogeneration plants will eventually be online. Even cars may someday be powered by economical fuel cells.

Alkaline Battery

Alkaline batteries, or alkaline manganese batteries, are commonly used in many things such as flashlights and personal stereos. They serve as excellent sources of energy for these things. They are examples of one of three major dry primary batteries, which are carbon-zinc, alkaline and mercury cells. A cell is the basic electrochemical unit used to generate or store electrical energy. A battery contains two structures called electrodes. Primary batteries stop operating after one of their chemicals is used up. An electrode is the site, area or location at which electrochemical processes take place. The two electrodes of the alkaline battery are zinc and manganese dioxide. Zinc is the anode, or the electrode that becomes negatively charged due to the electrolyte. Manganese dioxide is the cathode, or the electrode that becomes positively charged. An electrolyte is the medium that provides the ion transport mechanism between the anode and cathode of a cell. The electrolyte of an alkaline cell is a strong alkali solution called potassium hydroxide. Under high current loads, the alkaline battery has a steady voltage of about 1.5 volts. Voltage, or potential difference is defined as the difference in electric potential between two points.

The alkaline battery has a higher energy output than that of carbon-zinc cells. It also has better leakage resistance, the resistance calculated from the dependence of leakage current on applied voltage. Leakage current is unwanted current that flows when test voltage is applied. The alkaline battery can be either primary or secondary (also called storage). Unlike the alkaline primary battery, the alkaline storage battery is rechargeable and can be used again after discharge of its electric energy. The alkaline, nickel-iron storage battery was developed in 1914 by Thomas Alva Edison. The alkaline storage battery contains an alkaline, or basic electrolyte, which can be easily transported.