Type of Battery and Its Waste Classification

Many kind of Battery type and Its Waste Classification can be collected into the table below, every type of battery can result different waste of battery, and the battery waste also can classified into several waste as the hazardous chemical class.

Battery Type	Appearance	Hazardous waste	Can be recycled
Alkaline	Alkaline, carbon-zinc, and nickel-cadmium batteries are similar in size and shape, although nickel-cadmium batteries are labeled as such.	If not low-mercury or "green" UI# 7575 D217 & D218	No
Carbon Zinc	As above.	No	No
Lead-acid	Commonly used in cars and motorcycles	Yes UI# 7602 D217 & D218	Yes
Lithium	Most large lithium batteries are labeled with the word "lithium" or the initials "LI". Lithium button batteries are smaller and lighter than most types of button batteries and are also unique because they come with only a 3-volt charge.	Yes UI# 7580 D218	No
Lithium Ion	Labeled as such or "Li Ion."	No UI# 9111- Non-haz but collected by UIUC D218	No
Nickel-cadmium	Labeled as such or "NiCd."	Yes UI# 7578 D217 & D218	Yes
Nickel-metal hydride	Labeled as such or "NiMh."	No UI# 9109 Non-haz but collected by UIUC	No
Mercuric-oxide button	Mercuric-oxide button batteries are easy to distinguish from non-button types of batteries but not from other buttons.	Yes UI# 7634 D217	Yes
Secondary Cells (Rechargeable)	Alkaline, carbon-zinc and nickel-cadmium batteries are similar in size and shape, although nickel-cadmium batteries are labeled as such.	No	No
Silver-oxide button	Silver-oxide button batteries are difficult to distinguish from mercuric-oxide buttons.	Yes UI# 7635 D219	Yes

Battery Type	Appearance	Hazardous waste	Can be recycled
Small sealed lead-acid flat plates	Most are enclosed in battery packs and are not easily distinguishable	Yes UI# 7602	Yes
Zinc-air batteries	Zinc-air are easily identifiable by the holes button in the bottom.	No	No

Waste Battery

Every battery models have chemicals and other materials that will rest after used, and then this waster battery can our environment pollute by this rest materials.

• Waste batteries may be considered hazardous waste because of their corrosive, reactivity, or toxicity.
• Typically Nickel-cadmium batteries exhibit hazardous waste characteristics but low-mercury alkaline and carbon zinc batteries do not.
• Larger mercury batteries would be likely to test as hazardous, and lithium batteries might be considered reactive.
• Lead acid batteries are considered corrosive, as well as toxic. (Gel cell batteries, are a subset of lead acid batteries, and should be treated the same.)
• Button batteries may or may not test as hazardous, depending on their type and size.

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Logistic / Purchase Department by the possible means to purchase only low mercury (" green") batteries which are designated with the words, "low mercury", "zero mercury added", a green stripe, or a symbol that signifies environmentally friendly, such as a tree icon.

All users must;

• Substitute rechargeable alkaline batteries for nickel- cadmium to the maximum extent and completely in the end.
• Collect batteries for chemical waste pickup according to the recommendations in the table on the appendix.
• EHS department to ensure proper collection and carry out the legal disposal according to the applicable EHS legislation.

Guideline Battery waste reduction
Steps to minimize battery waste:

• Purchase only low mercury ("green") batteries which are designated with the words, "low mercury", "zero mercury added", a green stripe, or a symbol that signifies environmentally friendly, such as a tree icon.
• Substitute rechargeable alkaline batteries for nickel- cadmium.
• Collect batteries for chemical waste pickup according to the recommendations in the table on the reverse side.

Battery recycling
At the present time there are recycling outlets for lead-acid batteries, mercuric-oxide and silver-oxide button batteries. Find the legal recycling outlets Various consumer and industrial groups are working towards recycling options for other types of batteries.

Battery management
Using the table on reverse, try to identify the type of battery you wish to dispose. If you find that it should be disposed as a hazardous waste, you should request a pickup to a legal disposal company. If it is not considered a hazardous waste, it may be disposed in the trash.

Solar Cell Battery

On the current technology improvement, energy can be stored on the battery that is charge for several time using electric current that supply from any source like electric network that should be convert first to DC current and then store on the battery. Electric current source can be supplied from many sources, like from fuel generator, turbine generator, water turbine generator, steam turbine generator, wind generator or from sun light that usually called as Solar Cell.
Currently as the technology improvement, battery can store electric energy longer that before, as I have an emergency lamp, can keep for about 12 hours. Formerly I my emergency lamp just can store electric for about 3 hours. This improvement on battery technology make more efficient on using electric to supply electric to the charger.

On more sophisticated battery is used on automobile as drive motor to move the car, this really needs a perfect battery to store energy. This battery should be able to store energy for longer use, and have bigger power in order to move the car in high speed. If we have perfect battery to store energy we can use sun light to supply energy to the battery. We need solar cell to convert sun light into electric current and then store in the battery. We can use sun light just for 3 to 5 hours a day and can use this energy for a day even longer. So we can very efficient using other nature fuel source to fulfil our energy need on the house, on office, on the road and on small industry like pharmacy.

Solar cell is using material that has effect to exert electric or different potential to other material so that this unite material can build an electric current. This electric current then join together in order can use as electric supply and store on the battery as energy source.

Diaphragm Cells

Not like the other fuel cell, diaphragm cells contain a diaphragm, usually made of asbestos fibers, to separate the anode from the cathode. The allows ions to pass through by electrical migration by reduces the diffusion of products. Anodes have usually been made of graphite, cathodes of cast iron. Diaphragms permit the constructions of compact cells of lowered resistance because the electrodes can be placed close together. The diaphragms becoe clogged wit use, as indicated by higher voltage drop and higher hydrostatic pressure on the brine feed. They must be replaced regularly. The diaphragm permits a flow of brine from anode to cathode and thus greatly lessen or prevent side reactions (e.g. sodium hypochlorite formation).

Cells with metal cathodes (titanium coated with rare earth oxides, platinum or noble metals, or oxides) rarely develop clogged diaphragms and operate for 12 to 24 moths without requiring diaphragm replacements. It is expected that diaphragm made of corrosion resistant plastics will increase service life and remove the environmentalist’s objection to any process that may release asbestos fibers into the environment.

A major advantage of the diaphragm cell is that it can dilute (20%), fairly impure brine. Such dilute brines produce dilute sodium hydroxide (typically 11% NaOH with 15% NaCl) contaminated with sodium chloride as a product. Concentration to the usual shipping strength of 50% is required, and this consumes a great deal of energy even when multiple effect evaporators are used. Approximately 2600 kg of water must be evaporated to produce a ton of 50% caustic.

Primary Cells

Primary cells comprises of two sheet different metal plate or rod or a sheet of metal with carbon rod which placed on the electrolytic bath. The process on the bath will merge different potential between the dipped rods. If using copper rod and zinc rod will result electric potential different between two rod, if connected with wire will flow an electric current from the positive pole (+) to the negative (-). This process will stop sometime because polarization will happen on positive electrode, on this way cell can’t be used again but change with new one. Because of this condition, primary cells can’t be filled.

Simple form of Primary Cell: (1) Copper, (2) Zinc, (3) Electrolytic Solution, (4) Ampere meter, (5) Polarization on positive electrode.

Dry Cell also as an example of primary cells form, like on cell battery for electrical appliance that currently used also sample of primary cell form, such as on hand phone, watch, calculator computer and many others. Primary cell just for single use and can’t be filled after used change with new one. Primary cell is very marketable because beside of simple use, also can stand for long time if using the qualified of primary cells.

PLN Start and Stop

Government electric supplied company is running unsteady currently. As a consument I don't feel confenient because the electric supply is not steady, sometime stop for long time until 5 hours. This happen because of the electrict supply source is not enough to fullfil the electric needed by society, and the electric supply should be stop alternately.

This condition make me need other source of energy like emergency lamp or battery or candle that can lighten us when the electric supply is being stopped. The problem then merge when the emergency lamp can't stand for long time, emergency lamp just can stand for about 3 hours, then I change of using candle. When the society is need more candle, the problem will arise. The candle supply is not enough, because the candle is also used by textile industry in dyeing process. The candle supply is not stable, some time available but often empty.

Electric problem will more make other problem emerge, candle supply is just for a while, because the candle raw materials also limited, not many candle raw materials enough for long time, especially when the demand is increase like now. For lamp is impossible if we use dry cell battery like car or light, we need more powerful source for electric source like from nuclear energy that is used in America and Iran.

Chinese Battery

Want to compete, you will loose. Chinese battery is very cheap. This cheap product is just cover from thick brown paper. Chinese battery just can stand for several weeks, I mean about 3 weeks. If don't sell this product you will get your product have broken and can't sell anymore.

Chinese batery sell just for Rp. 1000 for 4 small battery, or remoute battery. Indonesian people usually use for toys, and just can use just for half day, and must be replace with new one if want to play the toys. Chinese battery sell spread out in Indonesia, in the bus, train and at the side of street. This chinese product is very good to sell, very fast but after that people will bore with this chinese product, because can't pretent for longer.

Chinese battery is very dangerous for your children, because don't cover with safe material. If swolen the substance by children can make poisonous.

Battery Promotion

One of the real slogan about Eveready Battery as below:

ABOUT EVEREADY

Eveready is one of India’s most reputed FMCG companies. The company has a portfolio comprising of dry cell batteries (carbon zinc batteries, rechargeable batteries and alkaline batteries), flashlights (torches), CFLs (Compact Fluorescent Lamps) and packet tea. It has also recently forayed into the mosquito repellant industry.

When I was a kid this battery ads for mockery, if the battery ABC No. 1 in Indonesia, but if Eveready No. 1 in the World. Actually ABC really sell more in Indonesia than ABC in the market.

Battery Models

Battery models that is used by people vary and also there are many manufacture produce with many trade mark of every kind of purposes. Battery itself differ with the purposes of uses like for small electronic, or for automobile battery. In Indonesia also sell in the market with many kind of trade mark and with many kind of price range. Like the kind of dry cell, many trade mark sell in the market with many kind of price range. From very cheap price even with unbelievable price like just Rp 1000 for 4 pcs untill Rp. 20,000 for 4 pcs.

Kind of dry cell that spread on the market such as; ABC, Eveready, Alkaline and many of cheap trade mark produce from china. China produce very cheap battery, with very very cheap, even this battery is imported from china but the price still very cheap. What is the materials?

Sometime I just think if the price too cheap, how much their worker will pay? May be just Rp. 5 per battery, so if on one day can produce 1000 battery they will pay with about Rp. 5,000, very cheap worker. So I just think how poor the worker from China?, very very poor people. If you think they will work with manual mechanic tools so they can produce 10 times, say 10,000 pcs per day, or they just pay with Rp. 50,000 per day this is also still very cheap if they work hard for a day long.

I think better they create something like Novel Book or Blog or other think that can increase their value for the future. If they are lucky they can create a Novel Best Seller or Best Seller Product that can be resulted for along they live in this world.

Dry Cell Battery

The battery in its original form had a zinc rod amalgamated with mercury as anode, a conducting mix of manganese dioxide (MnO2) and Carbon in porous pot as cathode, a central carbon rod or plate as current collector, and a saturated solution of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as electrolyte. The cell was assembled in a glass jar and produced about 1.5 volts. In spite of its lack of portability, it was widely used in telephones and doorbells until well into the 20th century and was an excellent example of a technical advance that became an immediate commercial success.

The modern dry cell replaced the liquid replace the liquid electrolyte with a paste consisting of a mixture of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and NH4Cl. A zinc anode was fashioned as a cylindrical cell container, and the cathode remained MnO2 and Carbon.

Storage Battery
For many years in standard secondary (storage) system has been the lead-acid battery. Nickel-cadmium batteries have also become common. In recent years other type have been developed that are applicable to specialized demands. The lead-acid battery was invented in 1860 by Gaston Plante. The electrolyte is sulfuric acid (H2SO4), the electrode are lead and lead dioxide (PbO2). Three or six cells are placed within a plastic or rubber container, the form seen in automobiles. Recently, small D-size batteries of this type have been introduced.

Fuel Cells

Definition:
A fuel cell is a device that continuously converts chemicals into direct current electricity through electrochemical reactions. In a typical fuel cell hydrogen gas combines with hydroxyl ions at one electrode to produce water and electrons. The electrons perform electrical work by flowing through an external circuit to the other electrode, where they recombine with oxygen and water to produce hydroxyl ions. The overall reaction is 2H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O. The fuel cell differs from a battery in that its reactants must be supplied from an outside source. Fuel cells can theoretically convert fuel to electricity with nearly 100% efficiency. By contrast, burning fuel to produce steam for electricity is 40% to 50% efficient, and internal combustion engines are only 10% to 20% efficient.

History
The first attempt to obtain electricity directly from a fuel was probably made in 1802 by Sir Humphry Davy, who described a cell with a carbon anode and aqueous nitric acid as the cathodic reactant. The first hydrogen oxygen cell (reported 1839) was composed of two platinum strips immersed in acidified water; the upper part of one was exposed to hydrogen, the other to oxygen. Numerous attempts were made to develop efficient fuel cells that used carbon, because a galvanic cell that produced electrical energy directly from carbon and oxygen would be source of energy.

Types:
The most common fuel cells have used oxygen and hydrogen gas with potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte. The water produced by the reaction is carried out by circulating gases and condenses externally.

Considerable research has been done on fuel cell systems that use the direct oxidation of hydrocarbons. One promising model, the solid oxide (or monolithic) cell, passes fuel through a ceramic honeycomb structure that resembles corrugated cardboard. The solid oxide cell (so called because it contains electrolytes of yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide) produces electrical energy from almost any hydrocarbon fuel, including gasoline. Moreover, it produce little pollution and maintains high efficiency oven at low operating levels.

Fuel cells are at present used chi efly in space vehicles or automobile and for limited military purposes. A 4.8-megawatt plat was put into operation in Tokyo in 1984, however, in the United States it is anticipated that similar electricity producing and cogeneration plants will eventually be online. Even cars may someday be powered by economical fuel cells.